India loses control of 300 square kilometers of "disputed land"? Wherever the Chinese frontier guards stand, it is the border line

Two days ago, I wonder if you have paid attention to the news that "India loses control of 300 square kilometers of "disputed land"".

According to a report by the US media Bloomberg News on the 2nd, according to an Indian official who is familiar with the situation, India lost control of about 300 square kilometers of land in the "disputed mountainous area" on the Sino-Indian border after months of conflict. To make it easier to understand how big this area is, the report also made a metaphor-the area is about five times the size of Manhattan in the United States.

▲Also reported on Observer.com

Bloomberg also said that in response to the news, the office of Indian Prime Minister Modi referred the issue to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Defense of the country, but neither department responded, and the Indian military did not immediately respond to reporters' requests for comment. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China stated that it will not comment on information that "has no clear source and cannot be confirmed."

Who knows if this is another fake news concocted by the Indian government to divert domestic conflicts? After all, the current domestic epidemic situation in India is really out of control and is approaching the United States; it has completely bid farewell to the fastest-growing economy and is deeply under the pressure of economic recession.

Take the textile industry, which has created a large number of jobs in India, for example. Due to the impact of the domestic epidemic, a large number of textile industry orders have been transferred to China, and there will be 10 million unemployment.

▲Now the Sino-Indian border has entered winter

At this time, there was a news of this kind, disguised as a victim, and the domestic sentiment became angry again.

Again, where the soldiers are, the borders are. Wherever the PLA's military boots are stepped on, it is Chinese territory.

This kind of thing is not difficult to understand.

In the modern history of humiliation, China has suffered from no fixed borders for too long.

China's concepts of "border line" and "border line" between countries were actually formed very late. In ancient China, the concept has always been "under the world, can it be the king's land, can it be the land of the land, can it be the king's ministers", China is in the center, surrounded by the four barbarians, and neighboring countries pay tribute to the central heaven.

Before that, as a classical country, it was difficult for China to have borders and borders at all. It can be said that there are "boundaries without boundaries." Even in the dynasties that had effectively governed the frontiers, the emperor did not know where his empire border was, and the concept of the "line" that delineated a country's border was vague from top to bottom. For the state system and political construction of ancient China, there was no such thing as a "national boundary".

In the era of the Chinese tributary system, China does not have border issues in the modern sense. At that time, there was no clear boundary between the central dynasty of China and the so-called "outer feudal vassal", only a certain customary line.

▲The world map "The General Map of the World" with China in the center

The "borders" and "frontiers" that have legal effect in the sense of international law are indeed beyond the scope of classical countries. Before the Qing Dynasty, China did not understand the Western international relations system at all, but under the coercion of the Western powers, China had to passively accept the Western international relations system.

And all these concepts of sovereign states, national borders, and borders are derived from the "Peace of Westphalia" signed by European countries in 1648.

In 1618, the "Thirty Years War" (1618-1648) broke out, and European countries were involved in the war for their own interests. Decades of war have exhausted the participating countries and the people have no livelihood. Therefore, starting in July 1643, the warring parties began to negotiate a peace. After five years of marathon negotiations, the peace treaty was finally signed on October 24, 1648, which was known as the Peace of Westphalia.

Since then, it has had a profound impact on international relations. The principles of national sovereignty and international relations established in the Peace Treaty are the foundation of modern international law.

One of the most important points is that it created a precedent for resolving international disputes and ending international wars in the form of international conferences, and it has become a practice in the future.

In this way, it is not difficult to understand why the Qing dynasty had to sign various treaties to humiliate the country after defeating the Western powers-the logic behind it came from here.

Use an international conference to end the war, and then confirm the sovereignty of the foreign powers over the ceded land by confiscation of land-draw a line, and this land is mine.

This is also the reason why what the Chinese said, "Is there no place in the world," was once regarded as a joke by Westerners and felt that it was "claiming territorial sovereignty over the whole world."

Afterwards, under the constant friction of the great powers, the Qing government not only made the central dynasty "lost the outer vassal" and the territory became smaller and smaller, but also caused border crises again and again, making China's border issues more complicated.

For example, in the 16th year of Guangxu in the 16th year of Guangxu (1890), the "First Boundary Monument" of the Qing Dynasty, China and France erected the "No. 1 Boundary Monument of Qing Dynasty" at Zhushan Port at the mouth of the Beilun River in Guangxi.

The establishment of this section of the border was because France forced the Qing government to sign an unequal treaty on the end of the Sino-French war.

The so-called "McMahon Line" between China and India emerged after the British bypassed the Chinese central government at the time and signed a treaty with the Tibetan local government to assign land traditionally in Tibet to India and Myanmar. problem. Therefore, the successive Chinese central governments have resolutely refused to recognize it.

The country is poor and weak, and even its borders cannot be autonomous. Therefore, until the founding of New China in 1949, no boundary was determined. Some are just the boundaries delineated by unequal treaties, traditional lines of habit and actual control lines formed over the years.

The ensuing resistance to U.S. aggression and aid to North Korea also gave China a deep understanding of what kind of presence the military is on the border.

In June 1951, the Korean battlefield entered a stalemate, and the two sides began to negotiate a truce in Korea.

▲The first armistice negotiations held in Kaesong

In order to obtain favorable conditions for the truce negotiations and to ensure a more favorable position after the truce, in August and September 1951, the "United Nations Army" launched the "summer offensive" and "autumn offensive." After two months of fierce fighting, the UN forces occupied 646 square kilometers of land, advancing about 2 kilometers on average every month.

On October 25, the two parties reopened the negotiation and the location was changed to Panmunjom, 8 kilometers southeast of Kaesong. But you have been fighting for a long time, occupying a favorable position, and want to take advantage of the negotiation table, how is it possible? Between October 30 and late November, the volunteers also launched a partial counterattack, regaining 280 square kilometers of land.

On November 27, the two sides reached an agreement on the issue of the military demarcation line and the demilitarized zone: "The actual line of contact between the two parties shall be the military demarcation line, and the two sides will retreat by two kilometers from this line to establish a demilitarized zone during the armistice. If the armistice agreement is signed 30 days after the approval of this agreement, the aforementioned military demarcation line and demilitarized zone shall be revised in accordance with the changes in the actual line of contact between the two parties in the future."

To put it bluntly, once the armistice agreement is signed, the land actually controlled by the two armies will determine the final boundary between North Korea and South Korea.

But in the end, the armistice agreement was not signed soon. In the spring of 1952, the "United Nations Army" proposed the so-called "voluntary repatriation" principle in order to detain North Korean and Chinese prisoners of war, and opposed the Chinese and North Korean side's proposal for all repatriation in accordance with the Geneva Convention. The armistice negotiations fell into a deadlock again.

How to do? Have to fight. However, at this time the "United Nations Army" also learned its skills and learned from the setbacks of launching partial offensives in summer and autumn, and adopted small-scale offensive operations and air force sabotage activities to maintain its defense line and cooperate with its negotiations.

▲U.S. 155mm self-propelled artillery

Under the guidance of the "zero-knock knitting" thought, the Chinese and North Korean People's Armies continued to fight small annihilation wars, attack and ambush the "United Nations Army", seize the middle ground, seize its prominent forward positions and support points, and gradually expand the scale of operations.

Finally, in mid-June 1953, all negotiations on the armistice of the Korean War had reached an agreement. Just before the signing, the South Korean Rhee Seung-man’s puppet government repented and forcibly detained 27,000 people captured by the Korean People’s Army and forced many of them into the South Korean army. Immediately afterwards, Lee Seung-man blatantly opposed the signing of the armistice agreement, clamoring that once the armistice agreement was signed, he would go it alone and "fight to the Yalu River."

In order to teach the South Korean Rhee Seungman government, the volunteers launched the Jincheng counterattack.

With the support of unprecedented artillery fire, the volunteers broke through the South Korean army's position more than 20 kilometers deep within an hour, and regained more than 160 square kilometers of land.

This time, Lee Seung-man finally admitted. Although he finally did not sign the armistice agreement in North Korea, he never dared to say a word.

However, in the 12 hours before the signing of the armistice agreement between North Korea and the entry into force, Lee Seungman ordered the South Korean army to seize the position of the Korean People's Army. Why? It is also because the final armistice boundary is based on the boundary line when the armistice agreement takes effect.

These details of the Korean battlefield really explain the truth that an inch of mountains and rivers cannot be allowed.

When dealing with China's border issues afterwards, we also acted very hard-if you are willing to solve it peacefully, let's sit down and talk, and if we have to infringe upon our territorial rights and interests, we will stay with us to the end.

Myanmar is the first to resolve the border issue with China. From 1954 to 1960, after several years of friendly negotiations, all disputes were resolved fairly and reasonably, and the China-Myanmar Boundary Treaty was signed. The border between China and Myanmar is completely clear.

With a precedent for peacefully resolving border issues, in the following years, my country has successively resolved border issues left over from history with Nepal, Pakistan, Mongolia, and Afghanistan, and signed relevant agreements.

In the 1990s, my country successively signed border treaties and agreements with Russia (the former Soviet Union), Laos, the three countries of Central Asia, and Vietnam. Even if there have been wars with Vietnam before, it is not impossible to resolve border issues peacefully.

Up to now, my country has delimited borders with 12 of its 14 land neighbors. The remaining two are India and Bhutan, which is interfered by India.

During this period, there was peace and strife, and the several border conflicts that broke out after the founding of the People’s Republic of China demonstrated our toughness in handling border issues. I believe everyone is familiar with the conflicts, so I won't talk about them here.

It is really necessary to use military operations to solve border issues and ensure border peace.

After the end of the large-scale battle against Vietnam in 1979, in order to express my country’s “return to self-defense” principle in this local war, the Chinese army not only withdrew its troops and returned to the country, but in accordance with international practice, within 15 kilometers of the Sino-Vietnamese border In the adjacent area, no troops or military exercises are held to show friendship.

However, this kind of friendly behavior is seen as "weak to be bullied" in the eyes of the Vietnamese army on the opposite side. Unwilling to fail in Vietnam, the Vietnamese army took the opportunity to invade some of the highlands and hilltops on the border and overhaul the fortifications, thus starting an all-round attack on the border areas of China.

In order to protect the safety of the motherland's territory and the lives and property of the people on the border, military counterattacks are inevitable.

Then came the famous Laoshan battle and the subsequent ten-year-long two-mountain round battle, completely eradicating Vietnam's delusion about China's border territory. This series of military actions has very significant political and military significance. Not only has the production and life of the border residents prevented from being harassed by the Vietnamese army, but also enabled China to take the initiative in border demarcation negotiations.

To this day, China and Vietnam have also settled the border issue through negotiations-the blood of the martyrs has not flowed in vain.

The remaining border issues are mainly issues with India. Regardless of whether it is true that India’s claim that more than 300 square kilometers of disputed land is out of control, our border guards have worked hard to ensure border security.

A while ago, CCTV also reported on the daily life and patrol activities of our border guards at the Qiudi Sengra post in the area. Judging from the reported picture, it is really bitter.

The summit of the post is 5681 meters above sea level, and the oxygen content is extremely low. Although the horse trails up the mountain have been repaired, some places still need manpower to carry supplies.

You have to live in such a den on the way to the outpost.

Previously, the Indian media "Hindustan Times" also reported that my border fighters have taken control of Bump Heights (5524.5 Heights). This high ground is right next to the peak patrol post of Choudi Jangela post. If the report is true, this will ensure the safety of the flanks of the main peak 5681 Highland controlled by our military (called "black tops" by the Indian side), and it also confirms that the "results" claimed by the Indian side are all false reports of military information.

Still the same sentence, wherever the Chinese border guards stand, they are the borders.